Medical reviewer · Aesthetic medicine
Dr Abdurrahman Efem
Dr Abdurrahman Efem is a medical aesthetic physician and the founder of Efem Clinic in Istanbul. He reviews selected Skin Candid content concerning non-surgical aesthetic treatments, facial assessment, treatment safety and realistic expectation setting.
About the reviewer
A medical perspective on aesthetic treatment decisions
Dr Efem’s clinical work covers device-based aesthetic treatments, injectable procedures, skin-quality treatments, and non-surgical lifting and contouring. His stated approach begins with facial structure, skin quality, movement, proportions and the person’s expectations rather than a standard treatment template.
His clinical psychology studies also inform his interest in expectation setting, self-perception and the reasons a person may be considering treatment. On Skin Candid, that perspective is used to check whether selected aesthetic-treatment content is medically responsible, proportionate and clear about uncertainty.
Defined review scope
What Dr Efem reviews — and what he does not
A reviewer profile should make expertise legible, not stretch one qualification across every skin-health topic.
Within his Skin Candid remit
- Non-surgical facial aesthetic treatments and treatment planning
- Device-based lifting, tightening and skin-quality procedures
- Injectable aesthetic treatments and realistic outcome language
- General contraindication, risk and recovery information for aesthetic procedures
- Facial assessment, treatment sequencing and avoiding unnecessary intervention
Routed to another specialist
- Diagnosis or management of skin disease requiring a dermatologist
- Prescription dermatology and medication-specific treatment decisions
- Skin cancer assessment, suspicious lesions or urgent symptoms
- Operative plastic surgery and surgical aftercare
- Any personal diagnosis or individual treatment recommendation
What medical review means
A check on accuracy, limits and patient safety
Medical review does not make an article personal medical advice, and it does not turn editorial content into a clinic recommendation.
Check the claims
Mechanism, intended use and expected outcomes are checked for medical plausibility and proportionate wording.
Clarify the limits
Evidence gaps, variable outcomes and situations where treatment may not be appropriate are made explicit.
Strengthen safety
Relevant risks, contraindications, recovery points and professional-care triggers are reviewed.
Protect independence
Skin Candid retains final editorial control, product selection and all commercial decisions.
Reviewed content
Articles reviewed by Dr Efem
- 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Acne Scars Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Acne Scars vs Acne Marks Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Acne-Prone Skin Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Adapalene Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Adapalene vs Benzoyl Peroxide Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Adapalene vs Tretinoin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Adenosine Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Adult Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- AHA (Alpha Hydroxy Acids) Reviewed August 6, 2026
- AHA vs BHA Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Alcohol in Skincare Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Allantoin Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Aloe Vera Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Alpha Arbutin Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Alpha Arbutin vs Hydroquinone Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Ascorbyl Glucoside Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Avobenzone Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Azelaic Acid Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Azelaic Acid vs Niacinamide Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Azelaic Acid vs Salicylic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Back Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Bakuchiol Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Beauty of Joseon vs Round Lab Sunscreen Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Beginner Retinol Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Beginner Skincare Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Benzoyl Peroxide Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Benzoyl Peroxide vs Azelaic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Benzoyl Peroxide vs Salicylic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Best Niacinamide Serums Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Best Retinol for Beginners Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Best Sunscreens for Acne-Prone Skin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Beta-Glucan Reviewed August 6, 2026
- BHA (Beta Hydroxy Acid) Reviewed August 6, 2026
- Blackheads Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Blackheads vs Sebaceous Filaments Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Blind Pimples Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Caffeine Reviewed August 7, 2026
- Can Niacinamide Cause Breakouts? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use AHA and BHA Together? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use Glycolic Acid With Retinol? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use Retinol and Vitamin C Together? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use Retinol Every Day? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use Retinol in Summer? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use Retinol With Niacinamide? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use Salicylic Acid Every Day? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Can You Use Vitamin C at Night? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Centella Asiatica Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Ceramides Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Ceramides vs Squalane Reviewed November 13, 2026
- CeraVe vs Cetaphil Reviewed November 13, 2026
- CeraVe vs La Roche-Posay Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Chapped Lips Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Cheek Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Chemical Peel vs Laser Resurfacing Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Chest Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Chin Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Cholesterol Reviewed August 7, 2026
- Cleansing Oil vs Cleansing Balm Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Clogged Pores Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Colloidal Oatmeal Reviewed August 7, 2026
- Combination Skin Routine Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Comedogenic Ratings Explained: Are They Reliable? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Comedonal Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Contact Dermatitis Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Copper Peptides Reviewed August 7, 2026
- CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) Reviewed August 7, 2026
- Crepey Skin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Cystic Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Damaged Skin Barrier Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Damaged Skin Barrier Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Dark Circles Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Day Cream vs Night Cream Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Dimethicone Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Do You Need Eye Cream? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Do You Need Face Oil? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Do You Need Toner? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Does Sunscreen Expire? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Dry Flaky Skin Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Dry Patches on Face Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Dry Skin Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Dry vs Dehydrated Skin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Dull Skin Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Ectoin Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Eczema Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Eczema vs Psoriasis Reviewed November 13, 2026
- EGCG Reviewed August 8, 2026
- EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Evening Skincare Routine Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Exosomes in Skincare Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Facial redness Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Ferulic Acid Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Fine Lines Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Folliculitis Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Forehead Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Fragrance in Skincare Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Fungal Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Fungal Acne vs Regular Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Gel vs Cream Moisturizer Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Glabridin Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Gluconolactone Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Glycerin Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Glycolic Acid Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Glycolic Acid vs Lactic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Green Tea Extract Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Growth Factors Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Heat Rash Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Hormonal Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- How Long Does Retinol Take to Work? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How Long Does Skincare Take to Work? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How Much Sunscreen to Use Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How Often Should You Exfoliate? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Choose a Cleanser Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Choose a Face Sunscreen Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Choose a Moisturizer Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Get Rid of Blackheads Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Get Rid of Cheek Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Get Rid of Chin Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Get Rid of Crepey Skin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Get Rid of Sebaceous Filaments Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Introduce a New Skincare Product Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Patch Test Skincare Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Read a Skincare Ingredient List Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Store Skincare Products Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Tell if a Product Is Irritating Your Skin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Azelaic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Benzoyl Peroxide Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Glycolic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Hyaluronic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Niacinamide Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Retinol Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Salicylic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Tranexamic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- How to Use Vitamin C Serum Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Hyaluronic Acid Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Hyaluronic Acid vs Ceramides Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Hyaluronic Acid vs Collagen Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Hyaluronic Acid vs Glycerin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Hydroquinone Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Hyperpigmentation Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Hyperpigmentation Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Hypochlorous Acid Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Ingrown Hairs Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Is 10% Niacinamide Too Much? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Is Hydroquinone Over the Counter? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Is Retinol a Prescription? Retinol vs Prescription Retinoids Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Is SPF in Makeup Enough? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Jawline Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Jojoba Oil Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Keratosis Pilaris Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Kojic Acid Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Kojic Acid vs Alpha Arbutin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- La Roche-Posay Effaclar Duo Review Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Lactic Acid Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Lactobionic Acid Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Large Pores Reviewed August 1, 2026
- LED Mask vs Microcurrent Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Licorice Root Extract Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Linoleic Acid Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Madecassoside Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Mandelic Acid Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Mandelic Acid vs Glycolic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Mature Skin Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Melasma Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Melasma vs Sun Spots Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Micellar Water vs Cleanser Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Microneedling vs Chemical Peel Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Milia Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Mineral vs Chemical Sunscreen Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Morning Skincare Routine Reviewed August 6, 2026
- N-Acetyl Glucosamine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Niacinamide Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Niacinamide vs Hyaluronic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Niacinamide vs Retinol Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Niacinamide vs Vitamin C Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Nose Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Octocrylene Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Oily Skin Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Over Exfoliated Skin Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Oxybenzone Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Panthenol Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Paula’s Choice 2% BHA Liquid Exfoliant Review Reviewed November 13, 2026
- PDRN Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Peptides Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Peptides vs Retinol Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Perioral Dermatitis Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Perioral Dermatitis vs Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Petrolatum Reviewed August 8, 2026
- PHA (Polyhydroxy Acids) Reviewed August 8, 2026
- PHA vs AHA Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Physical vs Chemical Exfoliation Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Post-Acne Marks Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Post-Inflammatory Erythema Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Psoriasis Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Puffy Eyes Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Purging vs Breakout Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Razor Bumps Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Resveratrol Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Retinal Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Retinol Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Retinol Before or After Moisturizer? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Retinol Side Effects and How to Manage Them Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Retinol vs Adapalene Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Retinol vs Bakuchiol Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Retinol vs Retinal Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Retinol vs Tretinoin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Rosacea Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Rosacea Skincare Routine Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Rosacea vs Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Sagging Skin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Salicylic Acid Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Salicylic Acid vs Glycolic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Scalp Acne Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Sebaceous Filaments Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Seborrheic Dermatitis Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Sensitive Skin Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Serum vs Essence Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Should You Use Alpha Arbutin? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Azelaic Acid? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Benzoyl Peroxide? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Caffeine? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Ceramides? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Glycolic Acid? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Hyaluronic Acid? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Kojic Acid? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Lactic Acid? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Niacinamide? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Panthenol? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Peptides? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Retinal? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Retinol? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Salicylic Acid? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Squalane? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Sulfur? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Tranexamic Acid? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Urea? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Vitamin C? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Should You Use Zinc PCA? Reviewed August 12, 2026
- Skincare During Pregnancy Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Skincare for Darker Skin Tones Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Skincare Layering Order Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Skincare Routine for Sebaceous Filaments Reviewed November 13, 2026
- SPF 30 vs SPF 50 Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Spray vs Lotion Sunscreen Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Squalane Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Squalane vs Jojoba Oil Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Stretch Marks Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Summer Skincare Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Sun Damage Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Sun Spots Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Sunburn Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Sunscreen Under Makeup Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Teen Acne Reviewed August 1, 2026
- The Ordinary Niacinamide 10% + Zinc 1% Review Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Three-Product Skincare Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Tinted vs Untinted Sunscreen Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Toner vs Essence Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Tranexamic Acid Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Tranexamic Acid vs Alpha Arbutin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Travel Skincare Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Types of Acne: A Visual Guide to Every Kind Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Uneven Skin Texture Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Uneven Skin Tone Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Urea Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Vitamin C Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Vitamin C Morning Routine Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Vitamin C vs Alpha Arbutin Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Vitamin C vs Azelaic Acid Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Vitamin C vs Resveratrol Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Does Non-Comedogenic Mean? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Is Double Cleansing? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Is Skin Cycling? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Is Skin Purging? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Is Slugging? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Is the Skin Barrier? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Not to Mix With Retinol Reviewed November 13, 2026
- What Percentage of Retinol Should You Use? Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Whiteheads Reviewed August 1, 2026
- Whiteheads vs Milia Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Winter Skincare Routine Reviewed August 8, 2026
- Zinc Oxide vs Titanium Dioxide Reviewed November 13, 2026
- Zinc PCA Reviewed November 13, 2026
Credentials and transparency
Professional background and editorial relationship
The details below are stated in Dr Efem’s official clinic biography. Skin Candid does not present them as a dermatology specialization or surgical qualification.
Education and professional details
- Medical educationInonu University Faculty of Medicine
- Clinical psychology studyMaster 1, Istanbul Halic University
- LanguagesTurkish, English and French
- Memberships listed by his clinicTurkish Medical Association, Turkish Medical Aesthetics Association and International Association of Aesthetic Medicine
Disclosure and editorial independence
Dr Efem is the founder of Efem Clinic, a medical aesthetics clinic in Istanbul.
Where Skin Candid content discusses a treatment or device offered by his clinic, that professional relationship must be disclosed on the article. Review attribution means he checked the medical content within his stated scope; it is not a clinic endorsement.
Skin Candid retains final editorial control. Reviewers do not choose product rankings, affiliate links, sponsors or advertising partners.
Profile source: Dr Efem Clinic, “About Us,” accessed 14 August 2026. View the source biography. Profile last checked by the Skin Candid editorial team on 14 August 2026.